Mosquitoes can transform a pleasant evening on the patio into an itchy ordeal. With diseases such as West Nile Virus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis on the rise, more homeowners are researching effective mosquito repellents. The many options available on the market can make it challenging to select the best defense.
In this guide, we’ll cover some effective mosquito repellents, from the time-honored DEET formulations to newer alternatives such as picaridin. We’ll look at the optimal usage for various repellents and essential safety tips to protect the entire family.
Active Ingredients in Top-Performing Mosquito Repellents
The active ingredient is the most critical element to consider when choosing an effective mosquito repellent. Several ingredients registered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have shown high efficacy against mosquitoes. Let’s explore these potent mosquito-fighting compounds.
Allethrin, a synthetic replica of a natural insecticide found in chrysanthemums, is common in area repellents such as ThermaCELL devices. These products disperse allethrin into the air, creating a mosquito-free and gnat-free zone without requiring direct skin application.
DEET (N-diethyl-m-toluamide) is a widely recognized mosquito repellent ingredient. Used for decades, DEET is highly effective at keeping mosquitoes at bay. When used as directed, DEET repellents are safe for adults and children, but always follow the instructions precisely. The CDC recommends children use products with no more than 30% DEET for safety, and that you never apply DEET to a child’s hands, as it could get in their eyes or mouth.
Picaridin (also known as KBR 3023) is a newer alternative to DEET that is gaining popularity. It works by forming a barrier on the skin that prevents mosquitoes from detecting humans. Studies have demonstrated that picaridin offers protection equal to or longer than similar concentrations of DEET. It’s also effective against ticks and flies.
IR3535 is a synthetic repellent derived from the amino acid beta-alanine. The CDC has deemed it safe for infants as young as two months old. While it may not be as well-known as other options, IR3535 can be a good choice for families with young children looking for a gentle yet potent repellent.
Citronella oil, derived from Cymbopogon grasses, is a popular natural repellent. By itself, it offers protection for up to 30 minutes. Many products combine citronella with other ingredients to extend its effectiveness.
When and How to Use Different Types of Repellents
Choosing the right mosquito repellent depends on several factors, including the activity, environment, and how long you’ll be outside. Let’s examine some scenarios and compare different repellents.
Hiking and Outdoor Activities in Cooler Weather
Treat clothing with permethrin ahead of time for activities such as hiking or biking in cooler weather. Permethrin is effective against ticks, mosquitoes, and other insects and keeps its potency even after multiple washes. Avoid applying permethrin directly to the skin.
Evening Patio Time and Gardening
Area repellents like ThermaCELL are highly effective when enjoying time on the patio or working in the garden during prime mosquito hours (dawn and dusk). These devices use allethrin to establish a 15 x 15-foot protection zone that can last hours. Testing organizations frequently rate these devices highly for their utility and convenience.
Read More: 5 Best Mosquito Sprays for Your Yard
Outdoor Sports and Extended Activities
For longer outdoor activities, particularly during periods of high mosquito activity, we typically recommend a repellent with over 20% DEET. These formulations can last three or more hours, even during vigorous physical activity.
Safety Tips for Using Mosquito Repellents
Mosquito repellents are generally safe when used as directed. However, to maximize effectiveness and minimize risks, you should always adhere to some essential guidelines.
Application Guidelines
Follow these guidelines for application:
- Apply repellent generously when you plan to be outside for more than 10 minutes.
- Consider spraying repellent on clothing instead of skin to increase safety and extend protection.
- Avoid applying repellent directly onto your face. Instead, spray a small amount on your hands, then apply it sparingly to your face, steering clear of your eyes and mouth.
Concentration and Reapplication
When choosing a product concentration, remember that products containing over 50% DEET don’t offer additional protection compared to lower-concentration formulas. Formulations containing less than 20% DEET or 7% picaridin are usually enough for shorter outdoor activities. Always read repellent labels and reapply as instructed.
Post-Use Care
When you return indoors, wash treated skin thoroughly with soap and water. This is particularly important before eating or drinking to avoid accidentally ingesting the residue.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Different Repellents
Understanding the strengths and limitations of different repellents can help homeowners make informed decisions about mosquito protection.
DEET Vs. Picaridin
DEET and picaridin are highly effective against mosquitoes. DEET may provide slightly extended protection, especially at higher concentrations. Picaridin is odorless and less likely to irritate skin or degrade plastics and synthetic fabrics.
Natural Vs. Synthetic Options
Although effective, natural options generally don’t last as long as synthetic alternatives. They may provide less protection and require more frequent reapplications.
Topical Repellents Vs. Area Repellents
Topical repellents, which you apply to your skin or clothing, provide personal protection wherever you travel. Area repellents like ThermaCELL devices establish mosquito-free zones, which are ideal for stationary activities but ineffective beyond the treatment area.
Alternative Mosquito Control Methods
Repellents play a significant role in combating mosquitoes, but you can use other strategies for reducing mosquito populations around your home.
Read More: 5 Best Mosquito Foggers for DIYers
Eliminating Standing Water
Mosquitoes breed in standing water, and eliminating these sources can drastically reduce local mosquito populations. Regularly empty bird baths, clean out gutters, and remove any containers that collect water to reduce breeding grounds.
Using Mosquito Traps
Mosquito traps can help reduce mosquito populations in an area. These devices employ CO2 or other attractants to lure, trap, or eradicate mosquitoes, reducing overall numbers.
Landscaping Choices
Certain plants, such as citronella grass, marigolds, and lavender, are believed to repel mosquitoes. Though not as effective as chemical repellents, incorporating these plants into landscaping can offer some additional protection and create a pleasant outdoor environment.
FAQs About Mosquito Repellents
Duration varies based on active ingredient, concentration, weather conditions, and mosquito population. DEET above 20% can shield for five to eight hours. Picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus typically protect for two to three hours. Reapply repellent according to label directions.
DEET can be used on children older than two months as long as you follow product instructions. Don’t apply to hands or faces. CDC recommends no more than 30% DEET for kids.
DEET, picaridin, IR3535, and oil of lemon eucalyptus are most effective and recommended by CDC. Area repellents like ThermaCELL work well without applying repellent directly onto skin.
Mosquito-repellent bracelets have limited effectiveness. Repellent must volatilize into the air to create a protective zone, which wristbands cannot do. Sprays, lotions, or area repellents work better.
